This problem requires you to divide one integer by another without using multiplication, division, or mod operator. This is a popular DSA question at FAANG+ companies like Amazon and Microsoft. We have solved this problem using recursion and iteration.

Divide An Integer By Another Integer Problem Statement

Given two integers, find their quotient, i.e., the integer result of dividing the first integer by the second one.

Example

{
"a": 5,
"b": 2
}

Output:

2

Notes

Constraints:

• -9 * 10¹⁵ <= a, b <= 9 * 10¹⁵
• b != 0
• You are not allowed to use division (/) operator.
• You are not allowed to use multiplication (*) operator.
• You are not allowed to use mod (%) operator.

Solution with time complexity O(a / b) and space complexity O(1) can be achieved using addition or subtraction.

We can divide our problem into four parts:

1. a >= 0 and b > 0
2. a < 0 and b > 0
3. a >= 0 and b < 0
4. a < 0 and b < 0

When a >= 0 and b > 0, we can do this:

sum = 0
q = 0
while (sum + b <= a)
    sum += b
    q++
return q

Some modification in the above code will also work with other combinations. But we can still improve the time complexity.

Let's take a and b such that a % b = 0 so we can write q = a / b. q * b = a. Let’s think about the binary representation of the numbers.

q * b = q

(q31q30...q0) * b = a (in the binary representation)

(2³¹ * q31 + 2³⁰ * q30 + ... + 2⁰ * q0) * b = a

To find the value for each bit, we can start from the left side.

First, we try to set q31 = 1. If 2³¹ * b <= a, then we set q31 = 1. But if 2³¹ * b > a, then we set q31 = 0.

When we set q31 = 0, we have to solve

(2³⁰ * q30 + ... + 2⁰ * q0) * b = a\ˀ and when we set q31 = 1, we have to solve

(2³⁰ * q30 + ... + 2⁰ * q0) * b = a - 2³¹ * b.

Consider 37 / 3. We keep on shifting the divisor by 1 binary position (that multiplies it by 2) until it exceeds 37. Here, it will be 3 -> 6 -> 12 -> 24. Now, we can write our division 37 / 3 = (37 / (3 * 8)) * 8 + (37 - (3 * 8)) / 3. Now, first part is (37 / 24) * 8 = 1 * 8 = 1 * 2^{(number of shifts)}. Second part is 13 / 3 and it is a smaller version of the original problem.

All three solutions that follow are different implementations of the idea we discussed here.

Divide An Integer By Another Integer Solution 1: Recursive

Time Complexity

O(log(a)²). Recursive function can be called O(log(a)) times, and in each function call we are shifting no_of_shifts times that is O(log(a)). Shift operation takes O(1) time.

Auxiliary Space Used

O(log(a)) due to the recursive function call.

Space Complexity

O(log(a))

Code For Divide An Integer By Another Integer Solution 1: Recursive

/*
* Asymptotic complexity in terms of \`a\`:
* Time: O(log(a)^2).
* Auxiliary space: O(log(a)).
* Total space: O(log(a)).
*/

long long divide(long long a, long long b)
{
    // 0 / non_zero = 0
    if (a == 0)
    {
        return 0;
    }
    // neg / pos or pos / neg
    if ((a < 0 && b > 0) || (a > 0 && b < 0))
    {
        return -divide(abs(a), abs(b));
    }
    // neg / neg
    if (a < 0 && b < 0)
    {
        return divide(-a, -b);
    }
    // like 2 / 5
    if (a < b)
    {
        return 0;
    }
    // 37 / 3 can be written as 8 * (37 / (3 * 8)) + (37 - (3 * 8)) / 3
    int no_of_shifts = 0;
    while ((b << (no_of_shifts + 1)) <= a)
    {
        no_of_shifts++;
    }
    return (1LL << no_of_shifts) + divide(a - (b << no_of_shifts), b);
}

Divide An Integer By Another Integer Solution 2: Iterative

Time Complexity

O(log(a)²).

Auxiliary Space Used

O(1).

Space Complexity

O(1).

Code For Divide An Integer By Another Integer Solution 2: Iterative

/*
* Asymptotic complexity in terms of \`a\`:
* Time: O(log(a)^2).
* Auxiliary space: O(1).
* Total space: O(1).
*/

long long divide(long long a, long long b)
{
    // 0 / non_zero = 0
    if (a == 0)
    {
        return 0;
    }
    // neg / pos or pos / neg
    if ((a < 0 && b > 0) || (a > 0 && b < 0))
    {
        return -divide(abs(a), abs(b));
    }
    // neg / neg
    if (a < 0 && b < 0)
    {
        a = -a;
        b = -b;
    }
    long long ans = 0;
    while(a >= b)
    {
        int no_of_shifts = 0;
        while ((b << (no_of_shifts + 1)) <= a)
        {
            no_of_shifts++;
        }
        ans += (1LL << no_of_shifts);
        a -= (b << no_of_shifts);
    }
    return ans;
}

Divide An Integer By Another Integer Solution 3: Optimal

After some observations in the iterative solution, we can notice that no_of_shifts always decreases. Suppose it decreases 60 -> 55 -> 50 -> ... -> 0, then we start no_of_shifts from 0 and increment it to 60. Again for 55, we will increment no_of_shifts from 0 to 55. But as we know it will decrease from 60 to 55, we can directly start from 60 and quickly reach 55. Then, from 55 to 50 (instead of 0 to 55)... After this optimization, O(log(a)) shifts remain. Shift operation takes O(1) time.

If you use C, replace abs() calls by fabs() after copying our solution in C++.

Time Complexity

O(log(a) + log(a)) = O(log(a)).

Auxiliary Space Used

O(1).

Space Complexity

O(1).

Code For Divide An Integer By Another Integer Solution 3: Optimal

/*
* Asymptotic complexity in terms of \`a\`:
* Time: O(log(a)).
* Auxiliary space: O(1).
* Total space: O(1).
*/

long long divide(long long a, long long b)
{
    // 0 / non_zero = 0
    if (a == 0)
    {
        return 0;
    }
    // neg / pos or pos / neg
    if ((a < 0 && b > 0) || (a > 0 && b < 0))
    {
        return -divide(abs(a), abs(b));
    }
    // neg / neg
    if (a < 0 && b < 0)
    {
        a = -a;
        b = -b;
    }
    long long ans = 0;
    int no_of_shifts = 0;
    while ((b << (no_of_shifts + 1)) <= a)
    {
        no_of_shifts++;
    }
    while(a >= b)
    {
        while ((b << no_of_shifts) > a)
        {
            no_of_shifts--;
        }
        ans += (1LL << no_of_shifts);
        a -= (b << no_of_shifts);
    }
    return ans;
}

We hope that these solutions to dividing an integer by another integer have helped you level up your coding skills. You can expect problems like these at top tech companies like Amazon and Google.

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