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Sorting

• Introduction to Sorting
• Basics of Asymptotic Analysis and Worst Case & Average Case Analysis
• Different Sorting Algorithms and their comparison
• Algorithm paradigms like Divide & Conquer, Decrease & Conquer, Transform & Conquer
• Presorting
• Extensions of Merge Sort, Quick Sort, Heap Sort
• Common sorting-related coding interview problems

Recursion

• Recursion as a Lazy Manager's Strategy
• Recursive Mathematical Functions
• Combinatorial Enumeration
• Backtracking
• Exhaustive Enumeration & General Template
• Common recursion- and backtracking-related coding interview problems

Trees

• Dictionaries & Sets, Hash Tables 
• Modeling data as Binary Trees and Binary Search Tree and performing different operations over them
• Tree Traversals and Constructions 
• BFS Coding Patterns
• DFS Coding Patterns
• Tree Construction from its traversals 
• Common trees-related coding interview problems

Graphs

• Overview of Graphs
• Problem definition of the 7 Bridges of Konigsberg and its connection with Graph theory
• What is a graph, and when do you model a problem as a Graph?
• How to store a Graph in memory (Adjacency Lists, Adjacency Matrices, Adjacency Maps)
• Graphs traversal: BFS and DFS, BFS Tree, DFS stack-based implementation
• A general template to solve any problems modeled as Graphs
• Graphs in Interviews
• Common graphs-related coding interview problems

Online Processing Systems

• The client-server model of Online processing
• Top-down steps for system design interview
• Depth and breadth analysis
• Cryptographic hash function
• Network Protocols, Web Server, Hash Index
• Scaling
• Performance Metrics of a Scalable System
• SLOs and SLAs
• Proxy: Reverse and Forward
• Load balancing
• CAP Theorem
• Content Distribution Networks
• Cache
• Sharding
• Consistent Hashing
• Storage
• Case Studies: URL Shortener, Instagram, Uber, Twitter, Messaging/Chat Services

Batch Processing Systems

• Inverted Index
• External Sort Merge
• K-way External Sort-Merge
• Distributed File System
• Map-reduce Framework
• Distributed Sorting
• Case Studies: Search Engine, Graph Processor, Typeahead Suggestions, Recommendation Systems

Database Design

• How will you implement indexing for all the payments for an e-commerce application?
• Comprehensive coverage of the concept of indexes, how to implement indexing, and when and when not to use indexes.
• Interesting follow-up questions on choosing the right index for implementing queries.
• Design a schema for Apple Music: A deep dive into Database Internals (Transactions, Indexes, and Performance)
• Answer questions like: How to design a schema that delivers accurate and comprehensive data? How would you handle the data-flows?
• In-depth analysis of the Star schema: How to evaluate fact tables and dimension tables? 
• Design a payment system for Google Play Store
• How to structure databases? When to use strict schema vs. schemaless?
• Interesting follow-up questions on schema information: Tables, attributes, data types, and relationships
• Design a rate limiter for a large payment processing service
• In-depth coverage of caching, Redis, and when to implement them
• How will you estimate critical attributes like data access latency, increased throughput, and easing of the load?
• Design a file storage system for Dropbox
• Deep dive into graph databases: Blob storage, storing metadata, access control
• What are the design tradeoffs to be considered while designing the data models, permissions, and CRUD operations? 
• Design a supply chain tracking system for Amazon
• What is database grouping, and how does it manage data updates and logging activities?
• Interesting follow-up questions on establishing connections and optimizing search.

Object Modeling

• Build a mathematical library for a computer algebra system like Mathematica
• How to design UML diagrams, sequence diagrams, and activity diagrams? How to define an object and its relationships?
• Design a widget component in photo editing software.
• Interesting interview questions on the relationships, states, and behaviors of various objects and data types.
• Open-ended question involving design patterns: Design an online calculator
• A deep dive into creational, behavioral, and structural design patterns
• How to avoid common pitfalls with inheritance? 
• Effective ways to express software behavior.
• Exhaustive discussion on SOLID principles: How to measure design quality?
• Top-down design problems: Build a restaurant reservation system
• Identify objects and grouping into classes, Identify the relationships among classes, create user object model diagram, define user object attributes, and define the operations that should be performed on the classes.
• Interesting follow-up questions on building the model, core system objects, and object relationships.
• Deep dive into the design of a file system like FAT, NTFS, or HFS (a popular FAANG interview question)
• Comprehensive coverage of a hierarchical/structural object pattern.
• Open-ended questions like how to elicit requirements? What are the design considerations? How to verify the objects, their relationship, and behavior using the conceptual model.

API Design

• Design an API for a weather application using REST and non-REST architecture styles
• How to design open, usable, and scalable APIs? A deep dive into the usability aspect of APIs.
• What are the problems with non-REST APIs? A deep dive into RESTful design.
• Interview-relevant case studies: AccuWeather's API as a product
• Evaluating APIs design, implementation, launch, and maintenance as a product.
• Design a conversation management API for applications like Quora or Glassdoor 
• In-depth coverage of the HATEOAS/link relationships, resource representation/uniform interface.
• Interesting follow-up discussion on API proxies, proxy and target endpoints, environment groups, route rules, target servers, conditions, flows, and policies.
• Design case study on API authentication and authorization
• What are the different tools? When to use each authentication method? And what are the types of authorization?
• Design an API for the library management system: A deep dive into designing a resource model
• How to design APIs and resources through decomposition and communication strategies
• Interesting follow-up questions on REST API response design, API products, API keys, and API product strategies
• Design an API for e-book application and invoice generation for orders
• Comprehensive coverage of API design guidelines, API lifecycle, and versioning
• Best practices for API design and fundamentals
• How to test an API for security threats? Understanding the threats and working on steps to prevent security threats: XSS, CSRF, SQL injection, input sanitization

Cloud-Native Design

• Deep dive into the design of a cloud-native application: Why cloud-native design over other architecture designs? What are the cloud services utilized in this design?
• Interesting follow-up questions: How to build for automation? How to be stateless? How to design for resilience? Which architecture is best for different components?
• Monolithic vs. Microservices Architecture: Demonstrating code for user messaging APIs in both scenarios
• Case study on Docker and Containerization: Docker containers vs. serverless. What is the functionality of a hypervisor?
• Questions on CI/CD and common challenges faced in CI/CD 
• Best practices in cloud: How to scale APIs, databases?
• Deep dive into cloud-native design patterns: Introducing scenarios — leader election, circuit breaker, health endpoint monitoring, caching

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